How much fluid in the knee is normal and when do you call an effusion?
Knee flexion plays a big role in suprapatellar pouch effusion size. A slight flex of the knee is ideal with fluid still visible deep to the quadriceps tendon. If in this setting, we see fluid bulging out medial and lateral...
A Bursa Neuroma complex describes the phenomenon whereby both of these entities coexist in the symptomatic forefoot.
Further reading here:
Ulnar Neuropathy.
Is the point of compression at the elbow or at the wrist?
High ulnar nerve compression will involve the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve and cause sensory abnormalities over the dorsal-medial wrist. Low ulnar nerve compression will not have de-innervation to the long...
Extensor indicis proprius (EIP) to extensor pollicis longus tendon (EPL) transfer for attritional rupture of EPL. Below link is for a video discussing case presentation of EPL rupture and tendon transfer surgery.
A great case to highlight the advantages of ultrasound vs MRI with its dynamic assessment of structures. MCP joint radial collateral ligament rupture post trauma. On flexion the extensor apparatus of finger tightens over the ligament displacing it proximally and with extension it flicks back out...
A schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumour. On ultrasound they're generally eccentric to the nerve, are ovoid in shape, homogeneous (but can become heterogeneous as they enlarge) and display some internal vascularity.
See link below for a short article on the topic.
The rectus femoris has a double tendinous origin with the direct head originating from the AIIS and the indirect head from the superolateral aspect of the acetabulum. The direct head blends with the anterior aponeurosis and its peripheral unipennate muscle while the indirect head continues as the...
Paraplate cysts or plantar plate ganglia represent small defects within the plantar plate of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the toe. These defects allow a small amount of joint fluid to extend through this crevice and form an encapsulated cystic structure adjacent the joint capsule. This is a...
The pulley apparatus functions to secure the flexor tendon onto the adjacent phalanx. During forceful gripping activities, significant forces are exerted on the pulley as it maintains the tendon's close proximity to the bone against the distracting force exerted by the tendon's line of pull. When...
